Prof. Zachary Douglas KC

Prof. Zachary Douglas KC

Call: 2006 | Silk: 2015

"He is truly a brilliant legal mind and a very effective and efficient arbitrator."

- Chambers & Partners UK Bar (2024)

'He is the finest public international law lawyer. His analysis of BITs and his incisive discussion of evidentiary issues place him above all others.'

- Legal 500 UK Bar (2024)

Fabulous arbitrator, extremely well-prepared and efficient, sensible, great with the parties, making them feel they have been able to present their case properly.'

- Legal 500 UK Bar (2024)

"He cuts to the core issues and doesn't waste any time, and is truly a brilliant legal mind."

- Chambers & Partners UK Bar (2024)

"He is one of the outstanding international lawyers of his generation. He is one of a handful of counsel whose oral advocacy has changed the minds of arbitrators on fundamental issues."

- Legal 500 UK Bar (2023)

Practice Overview

Professor Zachary Douglas KC has a substantial practice before international courts and tribunals as counsel, arbitrator and expert witness, and also frequently appears before the English courts and the courts of other common law jurisdictions in cases with a public or private international law element. He is a Professor of International Law at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva Graduate Institute and was formerly a member of the Faculty of Law of Cambridge University. Zachary is recognised as a leading specialist in public international law and arbitration by Chambers and Partners and Legal 500 both in the Global and UK editions.

Zachary has been appointed as an arbitrator in more than 150 cases under the ICC, LCIA, SCC, UNCITRAL, Swiss, LMAA and ICSID Arbitration Rules with an equal split between investment treaty and commercial arbitrators. He has served as a chairperson and as sole-arbitrator in more than half of those cases.

Zachary has been instructed by States in relation to proceedings in the International Court of Justice and the Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and has acted as counsel in cases before the English courts and other municipal courts relating to state immunity, human rights and humanitarian law, state succession, environmental law, constitutional law, challenges to investment treaty awards, private international law, civil fraud and money laundering. He has represented individuals and companies in proceedings before the European Court of Human Rights and has also acted in dozens of cases before the Court of Arbitration for Sport, having formerly represented the International Olympic Committee.

In addition to contentious matters, Zachary has advised governments on issues of public international law (law of the sea, treaty law, international human rights, sovereign immunity, humanitarian law, state succession), arbitration legislation and constitutional reform. He has also advised multinational companies on issues of corporate social responsibility and international humanitarian law.

Zachary is fluent in Russian and French and has conducted bilingual arbitration proceedings in both languages. He is the author of one of the leading studies on investment treaty arbitration ‘The International Law of Investment Claims’ published by Cambridge University Press as well as a number of other books and articles on a range of topics relating to public and private international law.

Appointed as an arbitrator in the following ICSID cases:

  • Veolia Propreté v Arab Republic of Egypt
  • Slovak Gas Holding BV, GDF International SAS and E.ON Ruhrgas International GmbH v Slovak Republic
  • Accession Mezzanine Capital L.P. and Danubius Kereskedöház Vagyonkezelö Zrt. v Hungary
  • Standard Chartered Bank (Hong Kong) Limited v Tanzania
  • Indorama International Finance Limited v Arab Republic of Egypt Mercer International Inc. v Canada
  • Orange S.A. v Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
  • Beijing Urban Construction Group Co. Ltd v Republic of Yemen
  • Fábrica de Vidrios Los Andes, C.A. and Owens-Illinois de Venezuela, C.A. v Venezuela
  • Mathias Kruck and others v Kingdom of Spain
  • Stadtwerke München GmbH, RWE Innogy GmbH, and others v Kingdom of Spain
  • Koch Minerals v Venezuela
  • Italba Corporation v Uruguay
  • Gabriel Resources v Romania
  • Champion Holding Co v Arab Republic of Egypt
  • JSC Tashkent Mechanical Plantv Kyrgyz Republic
  • Görkem Inşaat Sanayi v Turkmenistan
  • J&P-AVAX SA v Lebanese Republic
  • Omega Engineering v Panama
  • Rizzani de Eccher S.p.A. et al v Kuwait Gardabani Holdings B.V. et al v Georgia
  • BM Muhendislik v United Arab Emirates
  • Edmond Khudyan v Armenia
  • Sacyr, S.A. v Panama
  • Daniel Kappes v Guatemala
  • Scholz v Morocco
  • SECE İnşaat ve Ticaret A.Ş v Turkmenistan
  • Smurfit v Venezuela
  • Westmoreland Mining Holdings LLC v Canada
  • International Mining Company Invest, Inc. v Kyrgyz Republic
  • Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. v Kingdom of Sweden
  • Alamos Gold Holdings Coöperatief U.A. and Alamos Gold Holdings B.V. v Republic of Türkiye
  • KGL International for Ports, Warehousing, and Transport K.S.C.C. v Arab Republic of Egypt
  • Ahron G. Frenkel v Republic of Croatia
  • Eni International B.V., Eni Oil Holdings B.V. and Nigerian Agip Exploration Limited v Federal Republic of Nigeria
  • Goh Chin Soon v People’s Republic of China
  • Coropi Holdings Limited, Kalemegdan Investments Limited and Erinn Bernard Broshko v Republic of Serbia
  • Corporación Nacional del Cobre de Chile, Exploraciones Mineras Andinas S.A. e Inversiones Copperfield SP v República del Ecuador
  • Bank of Nova Scotia v Republic of Peru
  • Ruby River Capital LLC v Canada

Appointed as chairperson in the following ICSID cases:

  • Resort Company Invest Abidjan v République de Côte d’Ivoire
  • Emergofin B.V. and Velbay Holdings Ltd. v Ukraine
  • Ayat Nizar Raja Sumrain v Kuwait

Appointed as an arbitrator in the following non-ICSID investment treaty cases:

  • Erhas Dis Ticaret and others v Turkmenistan
  • Oleg Deripaska v Montenegro
  • ConocoPhillips v Vietnam
  • Festorino v Poland
  • SEJ HK Holding Limited and Zibeck Limited v Japan
  • Maxis Communications and Global Communication Services v India
  • Wang Jing et al v Ukraine
  • Ndroqi v Albania

(and several other investment cases under the UNCITRAL, ICC and SCC Rules involving Libya, Ecuador, Austria, Kosovo, Thailand, Saudi Arabia and the UAE).

Formerly instructed as lead counsel in investor-state arbitrations under the ICSID and UNCITRAL arbitration rules including: EMV v Czech Republic, Frontier v Czech Republic, Suez v Argentina, Vivendi v Poland, Chevron v Ecuador, KT Asia v Kazakhstan, Lugzor & others v Russian Federation, multiple cases under the Energy Charter Treaty and various BITs arising out of changes to the solar energy legislation in the Czech Republic and several other cases not in the public domain. Instructed as junior counsel in Invesmart v Czech Republic, CEZ v Albania and the ICSID annulment proceedings in Azurix v Argentina. Also counsel in Saluka v Czech Republic.

Lead counsel in cases before the English Courts (Supreme Court, Privy Council, Court of Appeal, High Court) and other municipal courts involving issues of non-justiciability, the act of state doctrine, state immunity, state succession, environmental law, human rights and humanitarian law, international law aspects of money laundering and private international law: e.g. Sophocleous v Secretaries of State; Botas v Tepe; Nyoro et al v Foreign & Commonwealth Office (Kenyan Emergency Group Litigation); Campaign Against the Arms Trade v Secretary of State (for Oxfam intervening); Pearl Petroleum Company Limited v Kurdistan Regional Government of Iraq; C3 & C4 v Secretary of State for the FCO; Friends of the Earth v Secretary of State for International Trade and Chancellor of the Exchequer. Formerly junior counsel: Al Haq v Secretaries of State; Ndiku Mutua v Foreign & Commonwealth Office (the ‘Mau Mau’ case); Chong Nyok Keyu et al v Secretaries of State (the ‘Batang Kali’ case); Serdar Mohammed v Ministry of Defence; JSC Mezhdunarodniy Promyshlenniy Bank v Pugachev.

Instructed by Georgia in proceedings against the Russian Federation before the International Court of Justice and by Croatia in its maritime boundary and territorial dispute with Slovenia.

Advice on public international law to governments and companies in contentious and non- contentious matters in the areas of the law of the sea (especially maritime boundaries), treaty law, sovereign immunity, international human rights, international investment law, international humanitarian law (especially in relation to occupying powers in Iraq), international organizations. Advisory opinion on Proposed Moratorium on Deep-Sea Mining for the Pew Foundation (with Taulupapa Brenda Heather-Latu, Toby Fisher & Jessica Jones).

Counsel in cases before the European Court of Human Rights involving questions of public international law such as state immunity: e.g. Jones & Mitchell v United Kingdom.

Appointed as arbitrator in arbitrations under the LCIA, UNCITRAL, ICC, SCC and Swiss Rules. Recent appointments include acting as chairperson in three separate ICC arbitrations concerning the Korean banking sector, the energy sector in Central Africa and the telecommunications sector in Southern Africa as well as the sole arbitrator in an LCIA arbitration relating to the alleged expropriation of a port facility in East Africa. Other recent cases include acting as chairperson in a dispute concerning a supply agreement in the nuclear energy sector, chairperson in a Swiss Rules arbitration concerning a corporate dispute in the steel sector; chairperson in multiple LCIA arbitrations concerning a shareholders’ dispute involving a major Russian bank; sole arbitrator in three related LCIA cases relating to franchise and marketing agreements; co-arbitrator in an LCIA case concerning a shipbuilding contract; chairperson in an LCIA case relating to a share purchase agreement; chairperson in an ICC arbitration concerning a purchase agreement for crude oil; co-arbitrator in an ICC arbitration involving a contract with a state oil company; and many others.

Recent cases in the public domain include Doraleh Container Terminal SA & DP World Djibouti FZCO v Djibouti (Sole Arbitrator: LCIA), LSF-KEB Holdings SCA v Hana Financial Holdings (Chairperson: ICC) and SL Mining v Sierra Leone (Emergency Arbitrator: ICC).

Counsel in numerous commercial arbitrations under ICC, LCIA, SCC and UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules, especially involving parties from Russia and the Caspian Region. Instructed as lead counsel in applications under the Arbitration Act 1996 before the English High Court (e.g. Ruby Roz v Kazakhstan) and formerly junior counsel (e.g. Czech Republic v EMV).

Advice to multinational companies on their responsibilities under the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights and the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, as well as under international humanitarian law. Counsel in cases for and against multinational companies before municipal courts involving questions of responsibility under international law.

Counsel to the IOC in all the disputes arising out of the Salt Lake City Winter Olympic Games and Athens Olympic Games before the Court of Arbitration for Sport.

Advice on the establishment of a constitutional court, parliamentary procedures and elections and law on political parties.

The Umbrella Clause Revisited’ (2023) ICSID Review.

L’équilibre État/investisseur dans le contentieux de l’investissement’ in Santulli & Martin-Bidou (eds) Le droit international pour un monde nouveau (2023).

Instead of Principles, Slogans’ (2022) ICSID Review.

When Does an Investment Treaty Claim Arise? And Excursus on the Anatomy of the Cause of Action’ in IAI Jurisdiction in Investment Treaty Arbitration (2018) 321-358.

International Responsibility for Domestic Adjudication: Denial of Justice Deconstructed’ (2014) Vol. 63 International and Comparative Law Quarterly 867-900.

State Immunity for the Acts of State Officials’ (2011) Vol.82 British Yearbook of International Law 281-348.

Cinq problématiques d’actualité en droit des investissements, (Editions Pedone, 2015).

Property, Investment and the Scope of Investment Protection Obligations’ in The Foundations of International Investment Law: Bringing Theory into Practice (Oxford University Press: 2014).

The Plea of Illegality in Investment Treaty Arbitration’ (2014) ICSID Review 1-32.

The Enforcement of Environmental Norms in Investment Treaty Arbitration’ in Harnessing Foreign Investment to Promote Environmental Protection (Cambridge University Press, 2013) 415-441.

The MFN Clause in Investment Arbitration: Treaty Interpretation Off the Rails’ (2011) 2 Journal of International Dispute Settlement 97-114.

Chapter 54 on ‘The ICSID Regime of State Responsibility’ in The Law of International Responsibility (Oxford University Press, 2010) 815-42.

Can a Doctrine of Precedent be Justified in Investment Arbitration?’ (2010) 25 ICSID Review-Foreign Investment Law Journal 104-110.

The International Law of Investment Claims (Cambridge University Press 2009).

Chapters 13-18 on ‘Financial Crime and Private International Law’ in Banks and Financial Crime: The International Law of Tainted Money (Oxford University Press, 2008).

Nothing if Not Critical for Investment Treaty Arbitration: Occidental, Eureko and Methanex’ (2006) 22 Arbitration International 27-51.

The Hybrid Foundations of Investment Treaty Arbitration’ (2003) Vol. 74 British Yearbook of International Law 151-289.

Indirect Expropriation’ (with Jan Paulsson) in Arbitrating Foreign Investment Disputes (2004) 145-158.

Do Terrorists Have Human Rights?’ (2002) Vol. 152 No. 7053 New Law Journal 1621-9 [The extended version of this article was awarded the English Law Society Human Rights Prize in 2002].

Constitutional Foundations of Russian Federalism’ (1999) Vol. 4 No. 4 Sudebnik 823-868.

Winner: UK Bar Awards 2023
The Lawyer Awards 2022: Chambers of the Year