ICJ Delivers Advisory Opinion on States’ Legal Duties to Combat Climate Change

On 23 July 2025, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) issued its long-awaited Advisory Opinion on the Obligations of States in respect of Climate Change.

The proceedings arose from a request submitted by the UN General Assembly in March 2023. The case attracted global attention, with 96 States and 11 international organisations delivering oral submissions during the hearings.

3VB’s Catherine Drummond appeared as counsel for Antigua and Barbuda, and Associate Member Callista Harris appeared as counsel for Australia.

The Advisory Opinion, summary, and press release are available via the links below:

• Advisory Opinion
• Summary of the Opinion
• ICJ official press release